I've seen several different sides of "corporate america" (which of course defies full description but does have some commonalities if you'll accept stereotyping), from within 3 different fortune-100 companies as well as in management consulting. I have seen extremely progressive views of labor from the perspective of management (say what you will about silicon valley, they pretty much pioneered giving meaningful equity to non-executives), and extremely regressive ones (I was an outsourcing-advisory consultant, initially for a highly unethical boutique, and then for Deloitte). So recognizing that we're all just blind people fumbling around trying to describe the elephant from our limited experience, I'll still say this: I have not seen witness to anything as obviously racist, or even pandering to the lowest common denominator, as what the NFL has wrought just in the last few years.
If you're looking for an example of "casual discrimination" in corporate america, your best widespread example is probably the steadily increasing credentialism in hiring, which locks in those from privileged backgrounds with ever-more-reliable access to better jobs and advancement, at the expense of those who can't afford or access the best education or internships or whatever (and who are disproportionately minorities). And just about every large company has taken several tactics to try and avoid or combat those effects too, of varying seriousness or scale. There are plenty of examples of a single-minded seeking of profits resulting in amoral action, but I'm not sure we can generalize about (say) squeezing politicians for tax breaks or dumping negative externalities and call it racist in its effects, nevermind its intents.
Fortune 500 CEOs aren't saints, but they generally got to where they are by dint of having a high EQ, an ability to sell an aspirational vision, and the fortitude to make tough decisions (not to mention have credit accede to them and blame to others, though part of that is just charisma). Some are more comforted by being surrounded by people who look and think like them, to be sure, but a great many more recognize the larger signaling value of promoting diversity and being perceived as valuing equity and fairness.
Meanwhile in the NFL, "the best players play", but that statement is far more true with the Patriots than with other organizations. Some players get more rope than others, get hired to be journeyman backups preferentially. Most QBs are white because they can afford the elite QB skills camps, and the families who can do so tend to be white, and of course most of the best colleges to play football are in the south, so there are a confluence of factors there.